INTRODUCION
Climate change means
any significant change in climate, like temperature or rainfall, over a 30 year
period or more. If the climate is changing, then the 30 year average
temperature, or rainfall, or number of sunny days, is changing. (http://uk.climate4classrooms.org)
a long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an
increase in the average atmospheric temperature example Melting glaciers imply
that life in the Arctic is affected by climate change.
Climate variability defined as the way climate
fluctuates yearly above or below a long-term average value.in term of average
and range. Climate change and variability occurs because of changes to Earth’s
environment, like changes in its orbit around the sun or human modification of
the atmosphere. There is nothing inherently wrong with climate change. It has
happened in the past and will happen again. The current concern stems from the
rate of change. (http://sdt.unwto.org/)
Climate is an essential resource for tourism,
and especially for the beach, nature and winter sport tourism segments.
Changing climate and weather patterns at tourist destinations and tourist
generating countries can significantly affect the tourists’ comfort and their
travel decisions. Changing demand patterns and tourist flows will have
impacts on tourism businesses and on host communities, as well as knock off
effects on related sectors, such as agriculture, handicrafts or construction.
In small island states especially Zanzibar and other developing countries,
where tourism is a major economic activity, any significant reduction in
tourist arrivals will have serious employment impacts and generate further
poverty.
MAIN
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Warmer
temperatures altered seasonality, heat stress for
tourists, cooling costs, changes in: plant wildlife-insect populations and
distribution range, infectious disease ranges increased, loss of recreational
value and carrying capacity of beaches, loss of property value resulting from
declining amenity value, other facilities will be faced with challenges
affecting property, the variability of businesses and earnings. This include: Loss of recreational value and
carrying capacity of beaches, loss of property value resulting from declining
amenity value, loss of land value, deterioration of landscape and visual
appreciation((Scott and McBoyle, 2006). ).this at large affect the development
of tourism because many tourists attracted by good climatic condition without
extreme warmer temperature, and this undermine the development especially in
macroeconomic term in GDP contribution.
Decreasing
snow cover and shrinking glaciers that cause Lack of snow
in winter sport destinations, increased snow-making costs, shorter winter
sports seasons, aesthetics of landscape reduced (Scott and McBoyle, 2006).this
at large affect the development of tourism because many tourists loss
of marine ecosystems (corals) for diving/snorkeling related tourism. There are
also threats to tourism hotels and infrastructure from coastal erosion and sea
level rise, and in the longer-term, to key tourist areas such as Stone Town. It
is stressed that tackling the threats of climate change in other sectors will
reduce many of the potential impacts on tourism (or to put it another way,
failure to tackle the issues in other sectors will have detrimental effects on
tourism). (Technical Report. May 2012).also at large extent affect the tourism
development in many areas especially in island states like Zanzibar.
Increasing
frequency and intensity of extreme storms: Risk for
tourism facilities, increased insurance costs, loss of insurability, business
interruption costs reduced precipitation and increased evaporation in some regions.
(Scott and McBoyle, 2006).this affect the tourism development because many recreation
of tourist and archaeological assets are destroy and cause the delay of tourism
development in many island states like Zanzibar.
Water
shortages, competition over water between tourism and other
sectors, desertification, increased wildfires threatening infrastructure and
affecting demand. (Scott and McBoyle, 2006).fore stance accessibility of pure
water for different activity especially in hotel and in destination in general
can affect at large the issue of tourism activity in different areas in other
hand Increased frequency of heavy precipitation in some regions Flooding damage
to historic architectural and cultural assets, damage to tourism
infrastructure, altered seasonality (beaches, biodiversity, river flow) (Scott
and McBoyle, 2006).
Sea
level rise and Coastal erosion,
loss of beach area, higher costs to protect and maintain waterfronts and sea defenses
Sea surface temperature rise Increased coral bleaching and marine resource and
aesthetic degradation in dive and snorkel destinations Sea Level Rise .Sea
level rise is expected to pose one of the greatest threats to tourism in the
region. It will exacerbate wave and storm surge effects occurring with
hurricanes. Islands will remain
vulnerable whether or not the trend in the frequency and intensity of
hurricanes is linked to climate variability or climate change.
Impact
on beach and Seaside, (Technical Report. May 2012). Property
owners will need to cope with sea level rise impacts on two fronts. One is event driven effects associated with
wave, storm surge and wind related damage and their direct and indirect damages
and cost. The other is from the erosion, land loss and inundation which is
likely to be gradual and sustained. A
major concern will be how this impacts on property value and income over
time. Beach resorts and Changes in terrestrial and marine
biodiversity loss of natural attractions and species from destinations, higher
risk of diseases in tropical-subtropical countries Climate change is likely to
have a number of effects on sea-grasses from a large number of factors
including changes in salinity and temperature, ocean acidification, storm
activity and ultraviolet irradiance. However, there could also be some
beneficial effects as increases in the amount of dissolved CO2 could lead to
higher rates of photosynthesis.
More
frequent and larger forest fires Loss of natural attractions,
increase of flooding risk, damage to tourism infrastructure .soil changes (such
as moisture levels, erosion and acidity) loss of archaeological assets and
other natural resources, with impacts on destination attractions.(WTO-UNEP-WMO 2008)
These forests support wider biodiversity, and changes to these areas and other
terrestrial vegetation will also affect wider biodiversity. Some species are
capable of adapting to climatic shifts will survive, but for an island state
such as Zanzibar, the potential for species movement is very limited, and this
is highlighted as a critical issue. Example in Zanzibar Jozani forest loose many
natural attraction in term of trees like “mvinje” mkaratusi’” and in animals
such as kima punju and tiger was are found now are disappear in large extent.
CONCLUSION.
Generally the above
explanation is about the impact of climatic change and variability to tourism
development that now is very critical issue in all the world that are normally
influenced by natural causes and artificial causes such as issue of
industrialization and technological advancement In term of modernization of
transport tools like air planes, cars, buses and many motor cars that use oil
as energy for transportation. So is very important for industrial countries to
reduce the production in industries that that are not sustainable to
environment so as to reduce the impact of climatic variability and change on
tourism development in many Island states like Zanzibar.
